Barcelona, known for its vibrant cultural heritage and cosmopolitan allure, is currently grappling with rising xenophobia and anti-foreigner sentiment. This tension is exacerbated by a mix of economic pressures, cultural anxieties, and social changes, particularly regarding the city’s evolving relationship with tourism and its increasingly diverse population. While not new, the levels of hostility toward foreigners are escalating in 2024. Uncontrolled tourism, it seems, does harm a city, but is it the tourists’ and foreigners’ fault?

The Heterogeneity of Barcelona’s Population

As of 2023, over 24.5% of Barcelona’s population consists of foreign nationals (5). This significant demographic shift highlights the city’s evolving identity as a multicultural hub. The influx includes individuals from various countries such as Italy, Pakistan, China, and France, all contributing to the rich cultural mosaic of Barcelona. This diversity brings both challenges and opportunities, particularly in redefining what it means to be a ‘local.’

Intercultural marriages, where locals marry foreigners, are becoming more common, adding further complexity to the city’s social fabric (6). These families often raise Third Culture Kids (TCKs), children who grow up in a culture different from that of their parents. TCKs are emblematic of modern Barcelona, where identity is increasingly fluid, and cultural boundaries are continually redefined.

Who Are the Foreign Population in Barcelona? Are All Foreigners Wealthy Gentrification Mongers?

The term ‘expat’ in Barcelona often brings to mind individuals who have moved for economic reasons with incomes that are higher than those available to residents engaged in the local economy. However, many foreigners in the city are professionals, artists, and entrepreneurs who have chosen Barcelona as their home. These settlers have integrated into the local economy and community, live on local salaries, contributing to the city’s cultural, economic, and social life. Many have integrated aspects of Catalan and Spanish cultures into their lives; they possess a deep admiration and connection with Catalan and Spanish cultures. Despite these contributions and connections, there is a growing sentiment among some locals that these newcomers are responsible for gentrification, rising property prices, and the erosion of traditional Catalan culture.

Research published in Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies (6) highlights that while there are significant concerns about gentrification and displacement, the foreign population in Barcelona is also highly diverse in terms of socioeconomic status, cultural background, and intentions for staying in the city. The study therefore emphasises that many international residents are not merely tourists or temporary residents, nor wealthy, nor speculators, but have deep-rooted connections to Barcelona, further complicating the narrative that foreigners are a monolithic group contributing to local issues (euronews).

The Rise of Anti-Tourist and Anti-Foreigner Sentiment 

The anti-tourist sentiment in Barcelona has been growing for years, driven by the overwhelming number of visitors and the impact of mass tourism on local communities. The report Perception of tourism in Barcelona 2023, prepared by the City Council, states that 23% see tourism as harmful for the city . Note tour-ISM is harmful, not tour-ISTS, who, in and of themselves, cannot institute the changes required to create a sustainable model. 

Daniel Pardo, from Assembly of Neighborhoods for Sustainable Tourism (ABDT),  believes that the onus for harms of mass tourism lies not with the tourists but with “the ferocious tourist industry and the administration that does nothing to reduce the impact”.

“Tourist activity as it is now in Barcelona is incompatible with life: it expels people, exploits people, damages the neighbourhoods and makes a decent everyday life practically impossible.” 

Source: https://www.ccma.cat/324/que-hi-ha-darrere-del-tourists-go-home-limpacte-del-turisme-massiu-a-barcelona/noticia/3309137/

This is a result of the local and central governments’ failures to create a sustainable economic model that is not overly reliant on tourism, failure to create more social housing and on relaxed policies that have done nothing to protect the native population’s fundamental right to housing from speculation and greed. 

This anti-tourist sentiment has often spilled over into broader anti-foreigner attitudes, where all non-natives are viewed as part of the problem. The situation is exacerbated by the proliferation of short-term tourist rentals, such as those offered by Airbnb. These rentals are seen as a major factor driving up property prices and reducing the availability of housing for locals (all locals including foreign locals).

Recent data highlights that Barcelona’s residential population has declined by 11% since 2015, a trend largely attributed to the impact of tourism, most especially Airbnb rentals on housing availability. In response, the city has taken drastic measures, including the planned elimination of all tourist rentals by 2028. This move, while welcomed by many natives and foreign nationals who struggle with soaring rents,  overcrowding, noise, dirt, pollution, skyrocketing prices and tensions, has sparked debate with some questioning whether it will effectively address the housing crisis or simply displace the problem (euronews, euronews, euronews). 

It bears repeating that many ‘local foreigners’ in Barcelona are deeply concerned about the city’s issues with overcrowding due to unsustainable tourism. They share the frustrations of native residents regarding the displacement of natives from their neighbourhoods, soaring rental prices, unmanageable crowds of visitors and anti-foreigner sentiment. Rising costs make it nearly impossible for anyone earning a local salary, including local internationals, to afford housing. Unless these local foreigners are earning an international-level income (most are not), they face the same financial struggles as native residents, making it difficult to maintain a sustainable life in the city. 

The Myth of AirBnB as a Shared Economy or as A Coven of Foreign Gentrifiers

It is notable that “The 10 biggest [Airbnb] hosts in [Barcelona] manage 996 apartments between them, while a further 666 manage five or more, and 3,633 host between two and four…The findings appear to contradict the “shared economy” image projected by Airbnb and other players in the online apartment marketplace and come as city authorities grapple with growing evidence that the massive upsurge in tourist apartments is driving rents up and residents out” (7). 

So, who are the Airbnb hosts? 

No doubt some of the biggest hosts include locals; being a native to a city doesn’t make one immune to the temptation of money. Additionally, many native residents have given in to the lure of high profits, contributing to speculation and gentrification by selling their homes to foreign investors rather than to other natives or local foreigners who simply want a place to live. The perception that “foreigners are driving up prices” may be partly fuelled by, and a material consequence of the belief among some natives that all foreigners are extremely wealthy, leading to inflated asking prices whenever a “foreigner” enters the market. Which came first: the chicken or the egg? Here is a seemingly trivial example from Sant Sebastian, where pintxos were doubled in price for foreigners, supposedly tourists, but how does anyone know who of the internationals are local or tourists??

Redefining ‘Local’: Who ‘Belongs’ in Barcelona?

The question of who is considered ‘local’ in Barcelona is central to the debate on xenophobia and anti-foreigner sentiment. Traditionally, being a local was associated with being born and raised in the city, with deep family roots in Catalonia. However, as the population becomes more diverse, this definition is increasingly outdated. And, so, the ‘local foreigner’ is no longer an oxymoron, but a reality.

Today, we can argue that being a local is more about one’s connection to the city and participation in its social and cultural life. A foreigner who has lived in Barcelona for years, speaks one or both of the local languages, and is involved in the community may be more ‘local’ than a native-born individual who has little engagement with the city’s current issues. This broader definition of local identity is crucial for fostering a more inclusive society.

Innovative Catalonia and The Positive Contributions of Foreigners

Catalonia is a region that has long been a cradle of creativity and innovation, producing world-renowned figures across various fields. In art, Salvador Dalí stands out as a surrealist genius. Antoni Gaudí, with architectural masterpieces such as the Sagrada Família and Park Güell, redefined the boundaries of design with organic, nature-inspired forms. Joan Miró, another iconic Catalan, made significant contributions to modern art through his abstract, vibrant paintings and sculptures that reflect a deep connection to Catalan identity and culture.

In the culinary world, Ferran Adrià revolutionised modern gastronomy with his innovative approach at El Bulli, where he pioneered molecular gastronomy, transforming the culinary arts into a form of high creativity and experimentation. These figures, among many others, illustrate Catalonia’s rich heritage of talent and creativity, making it a region celebrated not only for its cultural legacy but also for its ongoing contributions to the global arts, architecture, and culinary scenes. This deep well of homegrown talent is a testament to the region’s enduring spirit of innovation and cultural expression.

Thanks to its strategic location as a port city, Barcelona has always been a melting pot of cultures, serving as a crossroads for people, ideas, and trade from around the world. The city’s vibrant business culture and strong entrepreneurial spirit have been shaped by centuries of interaction with foreign merchants, travellers, and settlers. This constant exchange has enriched Barcelona’s identity, making it a city where innovation and creativity flourish, influenced by the diverse cultural currents that have passed through its shores. This international influence is woven into the fabric of Barcelona, from its architecture and cuisine to its art and business practices. From the Romans, to the Greeks, the Arabs, the Jews, and now to foreigners from around the globe, Barcelona’s culture has always been deeply ingrained with foreign influences.

Indeed, foreign nationals have brought significant benefits to Barcelona. They have introduced new ideas, cultures, and cuisines, enriching the city’s cultural tapestry. International businesses and entrepreneurs contribute to the economy, creating jobs and opportunities for natives and foreigners alike. In the arts and sciences, foreigners have also played roles in putting Barcelona on the global map as a centre of innovation and creativity. This is an entire blog post in and of itself, the scope of which is too broad to address here.

Moreover, intercultural marriages and families play a crucial role in bridging cultural divides and fostering cooperation between different communities in Barcelona (6). The city’s identity is constantly evolving, shaped by these diverse unions. In Catalonia, mixed marriages have seen a notable increase, with the percentage of unions between Spaniards and foreign nationals rising from 5.5% in 1997 to 22.4% in 2017 (6) Similarly, the proportion of children born to mixed couples has grown from 3% to 11% over the same period (6). These families exemplify Barcelona’s dynamic and multicultural character, highlighting how the city is continuously reshaped by the people who choose to call it home.

Combatting Xenophobia: What Can Be Done?

To address the rising tide of xenophobia and anti-foreigner sentiment, several steps can be taken:

1. Promoting Dialogue and Understanding: Encouraging open conversations between natives and foreigners can help dispel myths and reduce tensions. Community events, intercultural exchanges, and educational programs can foster mutual understanding.
2. Inclusive Policy-Making: Local government policies should reflect the diversity of Barcelona’s population. This includes providing support for integration programs and ensuring that the voices of all residents, regardless of origin, are heard in decision-making processes.
3. Sustainable Tourism: It is incumbent on the government to create policies which will act as guard rails and protections against unsustainable mass tourism. They must create policies that prevent the collection of apartments as sources of income by the wealthy few and companies. They must restrict cruise ships and protect the city from unscrupulous foreign investment that has no benefit to the local fabric. Reducing cheap flights, reining in budget airlines, rethinking how tourism can be shaped into a force for good for the local population. 
4. Alternative Sources of Economic Activity: It was clear in the pandemic when all came to a standstill that an economy that is solely dependent on tourism is a useless economy, for reasons other than the havoc it wreaks on the local community. Only the government can conceive of and stimulate alternative sources of income to ensure prosperity for citizens despite the yearned for reduction in tourism activity. 
5. Challenging Negative Stereotypes: The media and public discourse should challenge negative stereotypes about foreigners and highlight their positive contributions to society. This can be done through campaigns, storytelling, and highlighting success stories of integration.
6. Support for Affected Individuals: Those who face xenophobia and discrimination should have access to support services, including legal assistance, counselling, and community networks that can offer solidarity and protection.
7. Reinforcing Barcelona’s Identity as a Cosmopolitan City: Embracing Barcelona’s identity as a global city that welcomes diversity can help counter xenophobic attitudes. Celebrating the city’s multicultural heritage and promoting it as a strength rather than a weakness can foster a more inclusive environment. Bodies like International Welcome are focused on doing so.
8. Removing Hate Speech: Words are powerful and leaving graffiti imploring “Tourists Go Home” or worse, “Tourists F*^% Off,” and more implies this hatred is permitted, when hate speech is not acceptable wherever and whenever it occurs. 
9. Denounce Hate Speech: If you are witness to, or victim of hate speech or violence, know that it is illegal and you can report it to the local police, the Mossos D’Esquadra

The Impact of Xenophobia on Locals and Foreigners

Xenophobia harms both natives and foreigners. For natives, it creates a climate of fear and division, undermining social cohesion. It can also lead to the loss of the rich cultural exchanges that have long been a hallmark of Barcelona. For local foreigners, xenophobia can result in exclusion, discrimination, and a sense of alienation. This is particularly painful for those who have chosen Barcelona as their home,  perhaps are connected to Barcelona by their native partners and children and are deeply invested in the city’s future. It provokes an intense feeling of alienation and despair to be told to “go back to where you belong” or to “go home” when this place is the one and only place you have called home for years.

Building a More Inclusive Barcelona

Barcelona stands at a crossroads. The city’s future depends on how it navigates the challenges of diversity, integration, and social cohesion. By embracing its heterogeneous population and fostering a more inclusive definition of what it means to be a ‘local,’ Barcelona can continue to thrive as a vibrant, cosmopolitan city that is open to the world. Combatting xenophobia is not just about protecting the rights of foreigners; it is about safeguarding the very essence of what makes Barcelona a unique and dynamic place to live.

If you are feeling overwhelmed, anxious, or struggling in your life in Barcelona, you don’t have to go through it alone. Our experienced therapists in Barcelona at Therapy in Barcelona offer personalised counselling services in English, Swedish, French, German, Swiss-German, Polish, Portuguese, Afrikaans, Spanish, and Catalan to help you navigate life’s challenges. 

Whether you’re dealing with stress, relationship issues, or cultural adjustment, we’re here to support you every step of the way. Take the first step toward a healthier, happier you—schedule your free discovery call today and start your journey to well-being.

References

1. Fox, E. (2024, July 14). ‘Most people in Barcelona won’t miss tourist rentals’: Why locals support Airbnb crackdown. Euronews. Retrieved from https://www.euronews.com/travel/2024/07/14/most-people-in-barcelona-wont-miss-tourist-rentals-why-locals-support-airbnb-crackdown
2. Euronews. (2024, June 22). Barcelona decides to ban short term tourism rentals. Euronews. Retrieved from https://www.euronews.com/travel/2024/06/22/barcelona-decides-to-ban-short-term-tourism-rentals
3. Euronews. (2024, August 25). Barcelona’s tourist headache as residential population declines 11% since 2015. Euronews. Retrieved from https://www.euronews.com/travel/2024/08/25/barcelonas-tourist-headache-as-residential-population-declines-11-since-2015
4. Frago, L., & Urbano, A. (2019). Gentrification and the discursive legitimation of new urban policies: The case of the ‘superblock’ project in Poblenou, Barcelona. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies. Retrieved from https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1369183X.2019.1654157
5. Barcelona City Council. (2023, June 22). One of every four people in Barcelona is now a foreign national. Retrieved from https://www.barcelona.cat/internationalwelcome/en/news/one-of-every-four-people-in-barcelona-is-now-a-foreign-national-1408362
6. Rodríguez-García, D., Solana, M., Ortiz, A., & Ballestín, B. (2019). Blurring of colour lines? Ethnoracially mixed youth in Spain navigating identity. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 47(4), 838–860. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2019.1654157
7. https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2018/oct/22/barcelona-airbnb-host-manages-rentals-worth-33000-a-day-reportone